Monday, May 25, 2020
herbert hoover and his role in the great depression Essay
Herbert Hoover and His Role in The Great Depression nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;With the continually worsening conditions, and the stock market crash on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the United States was thrown into the biggest economical disaster of our history. Everyone, excluding the rich upper class, became poor and most unemployed. The majority of the American populace found themselves living in ââ¬Ëshantytownsââ¬â¢ or ââ¬ËHoovervillesââ¬â¢ as they later became to be known, which consisted of many cramped shacks constructed from whatever was available. This meant old burnt-out cars, cardboard boxes, random pieces of lumber, and anything else that people could find. Times truly were tough. It was a dailyâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦With the public work programs, Hoover provided unemployed Americans with many different jobs in order to create some sort of income. The most famous of these programs was the Boulder Dam, which will be talked about later. Throughout the entire depression, Hoover stood on his belief of a h ands-off government until late in his presidency. Under pressure from Americans and his fellow politicians, President Hoover eventually gave in and signed an act granting money and/or food to areas in dire need. That was the extent of his direct relief. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As previously mentioned, the Boulder Dam was one of the most famous, and certainly most expensive (with the whole project costing about $385 million) public works program. To provide jobs and much needed money to unemployed Americans, the Bureau of Reclamation, under President Hoover, authorized the Boulder Canyon Project on the Colorado River in 1928. The entire project included a hydroelectric power plant and a reservoir to control floods of the Colorado River and supply power to the Pacific Southwest. The dam reservoir is Lake Mead, which can store approximately 28 million acre-feet of water, making it one of the worldââ¬â¢s largest artificially created bodies of water. Besides providing many jobs, the project responsible for the officially named Hoover Dam (as of 1947), added about 3 million acres of national parks and monuments and expandedShow MoreRelatedThe Herbert Hoover : The First President Born West Of The Mississippi River1291 Words à |à 6 Pages HERBERT HOOVER Manav Verma US 1 Academic February 10, 2016 Knapp ` Herbert Hoover was born on August 10, 1874, in West Branch, Iowa, and was the first president born west of the Mississippi River. He was academically successful and strived to be the best. He was a great candidate but his presidency was a failed one. The Great Depression is mostly to blame, as Hoover worked hard to get to his position and then watched his hard work leave as he lost the chance to be reelected. HooverRead MoreThe Great Depression and President Herbert Hoover783 Words à |à 4 PagesTaking office the same year as the Great Depression, Americas thirty first president, Herbert Hoover greatly impacted the lives of many Americans. It has been stated that the stalk market crash was to blame for the greatest economic downturn in American; however, Ex-President Hoover made critical mistakes during the depression that he would be blamed for the rest of his life. The Great Depression began in 1929, 7 months after the Ex-Presidentââ¬â¢s election. (Insert cite) Instead of ââ¬Å"using the powerRead MorePresident Herbert Hoover : The Legacy Of The Great Depression1156 Words à |à 5 PagesPresident Herbert Hoover is often undermined and overlooked as an idle predecessor in comparison to the renowned Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Many people believe that it was Hooverââ¬â¢s lack of action that brought America to its knees before the Great Depression. Should Herbert Hoover be def ined as the ineffective president accountable for the aftermath of the Stock Market Crash of 1929 or did he actually play an important role in alleviating the economic turmoil, but simply went unrecognized for his heroicRead MoreThe 1930S, Also Known As The Era Of The Great Depression,968 Words à |à 4 Pages1930s, also known as the era of the Great Depression, was a hard time not only in the United States, but all throughout the world. However, the United States was not just struggling financially, but had conflicting morales. During the Great Depression, the United States had two different presidents, Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt. These two presidents have very different opinions on how to try and bring the United States out of the Depression. Herbert Hoover wanted to limit government accessRead MoreThe Great Depression and the New Deal Essay example999 Words à |à 4 PagesGreat Depression The Great Depression and the New Deal In response to the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt was ready for action unlike the previous President, Hubert Hoover. Hoover allowed the country to fall into a complete state of depression with his small concern of the major economic problems occurring. FDR began to show major and immediate improvements, with his outstanding actions during the First Hundred Days. He declared the bankRead MorePresident Hoover And Franklin D. Roosevelt956 Words à |à 4 Pagessituation. Although both Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt were President during one of the hardest economic times in the nationââ¬â¢s history, there are many differences in the approach each President took to attempt to fix The Great Depression, which caused different changes in the economy. During Herbert Hooverââ¬â¢s time in the White House, is when disaster struck. Many people, at the time, believed that President Hoover was the ideal person to have in office due to his background, and knowledgeRead MoreHoover s Inadequate Performance By Herbert Hoover903 Words à |à 4 Pagesbiography Herbert Hoover, the primary factor that caused Hooverââ¬â¢s inadequate performance was his inability to effectively lead as a president. Leuchtenberg states in the biography that President Hoover was not the most effective galvanizer. Even with Hooverââ¬â¢s successful history with economics and coordinating of political activities, it was evidently not enough for him to lead the nation with. In the biography, Leuchtenberg dives into the background of Hoover to delve into what shaped Hoover as anRead MoreBeneath The Vibrant And Vivacious Atmosphere Of The 1920S,1317 Words à |à 6 Pages1920s was not so widespread, the successful economy would have continued into the next decade, causing history to unravel differently. The prevalence of buying stocks on margin and credit during this time period led America to the horrendous Great Depression, in which laissez-faire economics appeared to fail the thousands of banks and businesses that fought for their survival or closed altogether. Americans suffered as unemployment rates soared to 25% and life savings were lost forever, causing risingRead MoreEssay on Who was the most helpful during the Great Depression628 Words à |à 3 PagesThe Great Depression had battered the nation and the economic situation was desperate. During Herbert Hooverââ¬â¢s presidency, more than half of all Americans were living below the poverty line. Herbert Hoover was an idealist that believed Americans could reach their potential and so he felt that intervention by the federal government would repress the American potential. Roosevelt understood the suffering of his countrymen and introduced economic reforms to alleviate the effects of the depression. FirstRead MoreLiberal Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Conservative Herbert C. Hoover1534 Words à |à 7 Pagesand President Herbert C. Hoover as a conservative. To what extent are these characterizations valid? President Franklin D. Roosevelt is commonly identified as a liberal and President Herbert C. Hoover as a conservative. The validity of these characterizations, however, is conditional upon the definition of these labels. If one adopts the most conventional contemporary definitions of the terms ââ¬Å"liberalâ⬠and ââ¬Å"conversative,â⬠then the characterizations of Roosevelt as a liberal and Hoover as a conservative
Thursday, May 14, 2020
Electronic Cigarettes ( E Cigarettes ) - 980 Words
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been increasing popular in the last several years for various reasons. An e-cigarette will automatically turn on by sensing pressure being applied at the base of the cigarette (Dennis 2015). Electronic cigarettes are battery operated that are supposed to mimic a real cigarette, meaning that the one end of the e-cigarette lights up, and a vapor is released into the air (Stein 2015). Inside the cigarette, there is a cartilage where the nicotine is stored (Dennis 2015). In addition to nicotine, which gives tobacco its addictive quality, e-cigarettes also have some sort of artificial additive and other liquids to create the vapor and improve the taste from traditional cigarettes (Maron 2014). Traditional cigarettes are rolled up tobacco, which naturally have nicotine, and when a traditional cigarette is lit and smoked, there is a release of harmful chemicals into the air, affecting other people around the smoker. On a cellular level, nicotine aff ects the brainââ¬â¢s functions by altering a personââ¬â¢s feelings and emotions. Nicotine is able to block nerve cells from communicating with the brain cells to perform conscious and unconscious tasks. In doing so, a person who smokes for the first time will feel relaxed because of the lack of communication between the brain and the rest of the body (Opar 2015). The reason why someone continues to smoke is because there is a need to repeat the feeling of calmness and relaxation. However, there is noShow MoreRelatedE Cigarettes And The Electronic Cigarette931 Words à |à 4 Pagesdeveloped the electronic cigarette: a product designed to release aerosol by heating a liquid cartridge containing propylene glycol, glycerol, flavoring additives, and/or nicotine (Grana et al. 6). E-cigarettes use a plastic tube and an electronic heating element to stimulate a liquid cartridge. A nicotine-containing vapor, with few harmful elements, is released from the cartridge and inhaled by the user. (Franck et al. 2). In 2012, a European Commission study on awareness of e-cigarettes concludedRead MoreElectronic Cigarettes Vs. E Cigarettes1945 Words à |à 8 PagesElectronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are devices that deliver aerosolized nicotine to the user by heating a liquid (typically propylene glycol) containing nicotine and flavoring agents. Most devices share a common design ââ¬â a plastic tube containing a battery, an airflow sensor, a heating element and a cartridge containing the liquid (Figure 1). Figure 1. Components of the Electronic Cigarette.(1) Theoretically,(2) frequently advertised,(3) and commonly assumed by users,(4-12) this process avoidsRead MoreEssay about Electronic Cigarette Legalization Analysis982 Words à |à 4 PagesSince 2008, Electronic Cigarettes have become widely popular across the United States, despite the obvious health benefits the long term health effects of ââ¬Å"smokingâ⬠electronic cigarettes are still unknown to researchers today. Electronic Cigarettes are the answer to a safer method of consuming nicotine despite its more popular tobacco products. Even though the effects of consuming large amounts of nicotine in a personsââ¬â¢ system is unknown, the unbanning of electronic cigarettes in Los Angeles decreaseRead MoreE-Cigarettes: Better than Tobacco Cigarettes?1086 Words à |à 4 Pagesthere are electronic cigarettes, called E-cigarette, which are devices with battery that carry nicotine heated aersosol in a fashion that imitates common cigarettes, while carrying lower levels of toxins than a conventional lit cigarette. They can be used indoors, which allows smokers to get their fix wherever and whenever they want. A study from NBC News (Leshae) shows that electronic cigarettes are a technique for smokers to try quitting their addictions. Manufacturers consider that e-cigarattesRead MoreElectronic Cigarettes Should Be Legal1444 Words à |à 6 PagesElectronic cigarettes are designed to replicate cigarettes without the smoke, tobacco, and tar. Although smokers enjoy the electronic version of a cigarette, many non-smokers are not too fond of being around one. These devices provide nicotine to the user by converting a liquid mixture to an aerosol, usually composed of propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, flavored chemicals, and a varying amount of nicotine (Grana). Electronic cigarettes have caused a major debate among doctors, smokers, andRead MoreElectronic Cigarettes Vs. Conventional Cigarettes928 Words à |à 4 PagesAn e-cigarette is a device that some are u sing as their alternative to smoking a traditional cigarette. Using electronic cigarettes is commonly known to the younger demographic as ââ¬Å"vapingâ⬠. The theory? Itââ¬â¢s a stepping stone to ultimately stopping the addictive habit of smoking altogether; by offering an alternative that is supposedly less damaging in the long run. According to the National Institute Drug Abuse website (2015), the outer structure can either resemble a ââ¬Å"traditionalâ⬠cigarette orRead MoreEffective Smoking Cessation Tool Or A New Way For Children1742 Words à |à 7 PagesNeed E-Cigarette Health Policy. Jennifer A. Sibley, RN, BSN University of Florida ââ¬Æ' Effective Smoking Cessation Tool or A New Way for Children to be Introduced to Nicotine? Why We Need E-Cigarette Health Policy. Background and Significance Electronic cigarettes, also known as e-cigarettes, were invented in 2004 by Chinese pharmacist Hon Lik following his fatherââ¬â¢s death from lung cancer (CASAA, 2012). With the intention of offering a safer alternative to traditional tobacco, e-cigarettes quicklyRead MoreThe Harmful Effects Of E Liquids966 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Harmful Effects of E-Liquids to the Public Health Through many decades, tobacco has been used very commonly through out of the world. Instead of using conventional cigarettes, many smokers today are using e-cigarettes in order to quit theirs long-term smoking habits. In fact, no one really knows whether the e-cigarettes are effective or not. However, they are very dangerous because the nicotine of e-liquids inside the e-cigarettes has been identified by some toxicologist of the Poison ControlRead MoreElectronic Cigarettes Should Be Regulated923 Words à |à 4 PagesIncreasing smokes an E-cig of American college students under the age of 20 who have never smoked before. Until recently, grocery stores and tobacco markets did not have a strict law to ban them from selling E-cig to children under the age of 18. James Lauria a 32 year old had a burn from the first degree after the E-cig he was smoking blow up in his face (electronic cigarettes should be regulated, 2015). In 1963, Herbert A. Gilbert patented the first E-cig, whose produc ed Cigalike device to heatRead MoreUsing Vaporizing Pens Are Becoming A Very Popular Trend Essay1330 Words à |à 6 PagesThough still awaiting FDA approval, the electronic cigarette, or e-cigarette, is growing popularity among those attempting to quit smoking. Young people are using vaporizing pens as a ââ¬Å"safe alternativeâ⬠to smoking. This issue needs to be addressed. Vaping is a lot more convenient than smoking traditional cigarettes. At a push of a button nicotine is being released. There also arenââ¬â¢t any laws or regulations on vapor pens like there are for traditional cigarettes. Vape pens also arenââ¬â¢t being used for
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Media And Its Impact On Society - 1430 Words
The significant presence of electronic media has gradually led to a crisis for societyââ¬â¢s problems. Though it seems to go unnoticed by most, the way that we are obtaining our information is a mere means of entertainment thanks to the universalization of media and television. Postman discusses the consequences of living in a technologically advanced age by discussing four aspects of society that are most affected: the news, religion, politics, and education. Society has shifted from words of reason and sensibility to an era with an epitome for trivial media content. Generally, the overall idea of television is not what makes it problematic for society, but the impression and loss of purpose and truth within our television programs which are to blame. Out of the four aspects mentioned, politics has to be the most corruptive towards society. Politicians are unable to express their intellectual knowledge on important issues and instead of being treated as potential political leaders, they are praised similarly to celebrities. The most recent election led to unending promotional political commercials being broadcasted. The promotional margin of political figures is often taken as a means of self-interest, voting for the ââ¬Ëmost-likeableââ¬â¢ candidate. Gone are the days of understanding and voting for Republicans or Democratic parties. Politics are devalued into forms of imagery, simplicity and brevity while contemplation and deliberation are ruled out. Due to theShow MoreRelatedThe Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1723 Words à |à 7 Pagesonce said, ââ¬Å"Whoever controls the media, controls the mindâ⬠. The Media have become one of the most dominant source of education of the 21st century. We could argue that most Americans use the media as their main source of information. The side effect of that is the fact that the media are very polarized. With the ongoing polarization, we could hypothesize that people would have been more politically educated and oriented if the media was not infiltrated. Mass media are expected to be educational.Read MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society1678 Words à |à 7 Pages When you are young you don t realize that what you are watching on the television is shaping many of your beliefs, distorting what is fictional and what is reality. The media plays a huge role in stereotyping black people compared to white people which has a major impact in how we view the people in our world. When we are watching tv or listening to the radio and it is constantly relating the color of a person s skin to their actions. This causes the audience to associate these actions with aRead MoreThe Impact of Media on Society853 Words à |à 3 PagesHow much of an impact does the media have on your life? How many hours do you spend on the phone, watching television, or browsing the internet? Whether you choose to believe it or not, the media plays an enormous role in our everyday lives, and its impacts continues to stretch as technological advancements and other inn ovative creations come into place. One of the largest groups that the media affects, we fear is our children. As media continuously grows and undergoes changes, more and more childrenRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1721 Words à |à 7 Pagesonce said, ââ¬Å"Whoever controls the media, controls the mindâ⬠. The Media have becoming one of the most dominant source of education of the 21st century. We could argue that most americans use the media as their main source of information. The side effect on that is the fact that the media is very polarized. With the ongoing polarization, we could hypothesize that people would have been more politically educated and oriented if the media was not infiltrated. Mass media is expected to be educational. PublicRead MoreMedia And Its Impact On Society Essay1625 Words à |à 7 PagesMedia can be defined as ââ¬Å"the means of communication as radio and television, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet, that reach or influence people widelyâ⬠and is fully ingrained into our society. In fact, according to Nielsenââ¬â¢s Total Audience Report, during the 1st Quarter of 2016, American adults consumed media at a daily average of 10 hours and 39 minutes. Media not only entertains us and serves as an important agent of communication, but also plays a crucial role in the socialization of culturalRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Society1435 Words à |à 6 Pagesââ¬Å"Mass media is a significant force in modern culture. Sociologists refer to this as a mediated culture where media reflects and creates the cultureâ⬠(ââ¬Å"The Role and Influence of Mass Mediaâ⬠, n.d, para.2). Media has affected to the most area of human life include relationship, education, careers, and entertainment. There were a lot of researches about the impacts of media to society from negative to positive effects; however, researchers were not pay attention to the impacts of media in inequalityRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society1161 Words à |à 5 PagesThe media plays a significant role in developing awareness on various different subjects. Without the media, people would be much less informed on many social and economic issues. The media can be credited for improvements in these sectors today as it engages the public to have an opinion of our on-going evolvements by releasing daily reports on such topics. In terms of charitable aid the media has greatly developed our awareness with a nature that influences us to feel sympathy for those less fortunateRead MoreMedia And Its Impact On Society1696 Words à |à 7 Pages Media has an impact on many of the populationââ¬â¢s everyday life. It comes to no surprise that the media i s closely related with body imaging. There are thousands of advertisements out in the media that depict images of beauty and physical attractiveness which are unrealistic. The masses see these images and think that they are achievable thus lowering the self-esteem of many. Many of these commercials and advertisements fall under the category of the following: weight loss, clothing, cosmetics andRead MoreMedia And Its Impact On Society Essay1903 Words à |à 8 PagesMedia has been growing for a numerous amount of years, and it will only keep rising. You could say that nearly everyone around you has some sort of technological device or way in which they can access the media, these are what we call print, audio visual and on-line media. Print media includes things such as newspapers, magazines and even books, Audio visual media includes your TV, radio or even music and finally on-line media is mostly photos or videos that are spread over the internet. With theRead MoreThe Impact Of Med ia On Society1853 Words à |à 8 Pages In twenty first century, media is unavoidable in society. Every human being is exposed to countless media images, advertisements, magazines, TV shows in their everyday lives. Media is everywhere, itââ¬â¢s hard to avoid and thereââ¬â¢s no escaping from it. Almost every home in America has a cell phone, internet connection, or a television. If not, billboard signs, magazines, and store advertisements are everywhere in society. Media is designed to advertise, entertain, giving information
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Progressive Taxation and Stability System â⬠MyAssignmenthelp.com
Question: Discuss about the Progressive Taxation and Stability System. Answer: Introduction: Asian countries are one of the highest growing countries around the world that has been facing rapid growth since last three decades. This spectacular growth of the Asian courtiers has attracted lot of attention of the researches, which caused rigorous research to trace the hidden cause of this rapid growth. According to latest statistics, Per Capita Gross Domestic (GDP) has grown during this last three decade by more than 4% annually in the case of China and the figure is as high as 3 to 4% for the other Asian economies like Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Korea and Philippines (Gereffi et al. 2014). With a sharp contrast to the economic performance of the East Asian countries, it has been observed that developed economies have grown only by 2.6% during the last three decades (Diao et al. 2017). In this context, this essay is aimed to review the changing economies of Asia with special focus to trace the salient features of the phenomenon growth of south Asian economies. Be sides this, the essay will try to portray the economic growth of these countries under the light of endogenous growth theory and reinforce the argument by summering them at the conclusion. Long run growth model of the economy till 1980 was based on the exogenous factors, where the factors of change were mainly sourced from outside the organism (Vasilev 2018). For instance, researchers were focused to trace the importance of technology change and change in savings rate as one of the key factors of growth. Neo classical model of economic growth used to consider savings rate and the rate of technical development as the exogenous determinant of the economic growth (McCombie and Anthony 2016). Model proposed by the Solow model and Harrod-Domar model, argues that using the technological development and the interest rate, macroeconomic performance of an economy can be explained (Bertola et al. 2014). However rate of technological development and savings rate failed to determine the growth theory and they remained unexplained. In the backdrop of this precarious situation various economists turned to argue against the present exogenous model of growth. Over the year work of Ken neth Arrow, Robert Lucas brought another explicit model of growth known as the endogenous growth theory in order to counter the present belief of growth model (Spear and Young 2016). This new model of growth is more focused on the factors like innovation, emphasis on human capital and knowledge as the main contributors of the economic growth. The new proposed model tried to overcome the drawbacks of the present neo classical model through developing macroeconomic model on the microeconomic foundations. According to the new theory of growth, households are aimed to maximise their utility subject to their budget constraint and the firms are targeted to maximize their profit subject to the factor endowment (Laeven, Levine and Michalopoulos 2015). Most of the focus according to this model was provided to the human capital and in the case of innovations. Policy measure is acknowledged as another key instrument that provides endogenous growth model ability to deal with the explanation of long run growth model (Romer 2015). For instance, new growth model believes in subsidies in the case of education and RD to enhance the growth rate of the economies through providing incentive for the innovation. According to AK model, endogenous model is as simple as the Constant Returns to Scale (Choi 2016). It can easily be determined through the increase in number of goods and service produces, enhancement in service quality, innovative development and various other endogenous factors. On the other hand in a more complex scenario, endogenous growth theory believes in spill over effect and positive externalities, where knowledge based economy can lead itself to higher growth through diminishing return in the capital accumulation. Besides this, endogenous growth model makes it possible to construct a framework in the case of perfect competition considering marginal product of capital is diminishing in nature and it does not tends to zero. Additionally ability to holding patent all ows the firms to enjoy some amount of monopoly in the market with the endogenous framework. RD is one of the key factors that allow the endogenous growth sculpt to describe the monopoly market, making it one of a stable model that determined both the extreme market condition (Janoski et al. 2014). Governmental role in new growth theory: Endogenous growth model is based on the factors like human capital, innovation, RD, infrastructural development and other internal factors to determine to assess the economic performance of a country. Thus, governmental intervention is highly desired according to the new growth model. Owing to higher governmental intervention, factors like infrastructural development, innovation can be hailed to a great extent (Van 2016). In addition to this, investment by the government in the factors like infrastructure, education, RD will allow more population of a country to get engaged in the growth of the country. For instance, if the government enhance the public expenditure in the infrastructural development and education, then it can create more jobs with enhanced availability of the skilled labour (Leigh and Blakely 2016). It will inherently increase the aggregate demand through rise in disposable income. Through this cyclical process government can provide big push to economy to overcome t he barrier of the developing economy. Externality is one of the factors that have various views. According to a group of economists externality possessed by the worker of by the firm through experience, aids it to have better growth (Feldman and Storper 2018). On the other hand, another group of population entails that introduction of new goods and service is another form of externality that helps the economy to face higher growth. According to the Romar, externality sourced through knowledge can bring in Constant Returns to Economy leading to better growth. On the other hand, Lucas has argued for providing additional importance to human capital, because according to him, it will aid the economy in long run to have better growth, not only through better employment generation, moreover it will aid the economy to have skilled labour (Parker 2018). Thus, externalities and new growth theories are connected with each other. Protection is another important prerequisite of the endogenous growth theory. Without protection, firms cannot compete with the firm of the international market due to lack of adequate technologies and skilled labours (Buckley and Casson 2016). Through internationalisation markets are now wide open, where any player can join into the market. In this situation, under the endogenous model, government need to cash out higher amount of support in terms of protectionist policy. It will provide the economy enough time to develop required technology and have economies of scale leading to possibility of long run growth. Evidence of growth in Singapore: Singapore is one of the fastest growing nations in the Asian region, which is mainly lead by the focus of government on the industrialisation and rise in export. The country has been facing an average growth rate of 10% annually since 1970 making it one of the highest growing economies (Van 2016). According to the figure 1, it can be seen that over the period there were various ups and downs in the economy of the country; however, since 1970 it has performed well to keep the economy on ideal trajectory of growth (Leigh and Blakely 2016). Key strategic decisions of the country like export led industrialisation rather than focusing on import substitution and going after specific MNCs to enhance the FDI inflow has benefited the economy largely. With series of structural reform since 1990 to 2015, Singapore has enhanced their per capita GDP from 3389 USD to 52600 USD during the year 1970 to 2013. In addition to this, the country has increased level of government expenditure and annual prospect of 12000 job creations leading to better endogenous growth of the economy. China is one of the rapidly growing newly created industrialised economies, which is acknowledged as the economic miracle owing to their rapid growth during the last three decades. During 1970s China was a poor country with most of the population employed with primary sector and the lack of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has constrained the ability of the country to grow. However, during 1980s staged reform of the country has put it where it is now; the fastest growing economy in the world (Morrison 2014). According to the statistics, China high rate of government intervention that has helped the country to have wide range of growth. The government of China is poised to attain high level of employment and developing skills of the population in order to have sustainable growth in future. With ever rising job opportunity and growing scope of further industrialisation, the country has become one of the fastest growing economies. according to the figure 2 country has rapidly grew from 2000 to 2010 and since then it has falling growth rate meaning the government is focused to enhance the share of endogenous factors in the growth. China and Singapore are two rapidly developing countries in the Asian continent. According to statistics, Singapore grew at a rate of 10% on average during the year 1970 to 2010 making it one of the fastest growing countries in the world (James 2015). On the other hand China during the same time frame grew at a rapid rate. During 1970s, China was facing whopping 19.3% annual growth rate, which was unstable in nature and moving forward during 2010 it had annual growth rate of 10.6% (Chow 2015). According to the available literature, both China and Singapore has showcased rapid growth during the 1970s due to their substantial growth over last decade through depending upon the exogenous variable. However, soon it becomes clear for both the countries that their rapid growth strategy is not sustainable in nature and subject to external factors. In the case of Singapore it has been observed that oil shock of 1985; Asian Financial Crisis of 1998 has shaken their economy to the core (Elson 2 016). When it comes to China, then it can be seen that successive Chinese government has failed to bring in industrialisation in the country until 1978 (Van 2016). Till the 1980s China remained constrained by the Malthusian Poverty Trap and then government focused more on the endogenous factors to gauge the situation considering the model of western economies (Popov 2014). Both the countries post 1980s started to provide focus greatly in the endogenous factors like infrastructural development, skill development through well established education plan, RD, innovation and generating human capital (Lee 2016). According to same source, during 1990s China grew with a humble gradualist approach with its economy that has germinated a well structured industrialised economy. Impressive economic performance of the Asian countries over the last three decade is no more over yet. According to the forecast of Rodan (2016), growth of China and Singapore is highly potential and their endogenous gro wth strategy of past is germinating fruitful results in present. Singapore is now posed to enhance their export drive industrialisation banishing the import substitution policy and China aimed to attain a full employment level and enhance the per capita income. This clearly highlights the level of focus of both the countries on endogenous variable for growth and it also supports that growth stories of the selected countries can easily be explained in the light of the new growth theory. Conclusion: Endogenous growth theory is one of the most suitable economic models that can provide sustainable growth to the economies. From the above analysis it has been seen that focus of the Asian economies has been moved from exogenous to endogenous growth model. It has not only provided them scope of to face high growth rate, besides this it has made the growth of these countries sustainable in nature. At present day China and Singapore as facing highest growth rate around the world owing to their investment in endogenous factors like education, human capital, innovation and RD. When most of the developed economies are struggling hard to catch up the pace of development or falling behind further both these Asian countries are cannon balling the market with their ever rising scope of producing new goods and services. Thus, it is true that high rate of growth of the newly industrialised Asian economies can easily be explained with the endogenous growth theory. Reference: Bertola, Giuseppe, Reto Foellmi, and Josef Zweimller.Income distribution in macroeconomic models. Princeton University Press, 2014. Buckley, Peter J., and Mark Casson.The future of the multinational enterprise. Springer, 2016. Choi, Hak. "Phase Diagram, Endogenous Growth, Golden Rule and Steady State: Their True Meaning." (2016). Chow, Gregory C.China's economic transformation. John Wiley Sons, 2015. Diao, Xinshen, Margaret McMillan, and Dani Rodrik.The recent growth boom in developing economies: A structural change perspective. No. w23132. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017. Elson, Robert Edward.The end of the peasantry in Southeast Asia: A social and economic history of peasant livelihood, 1800-1990s. Springer, 2016. Feldman, Maryann, and Michael Storper. "Economic Growth and Economic Development: Geographic Dimensions, Definition Disparities."The New Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography(2018): 143. Gereffi, Gary, and Donald L. Wyman, eds.Manufacturing miracles: paths of industrialization in Latin America and East Asia. Princeton University Press, 2014. James, Alexander. "The resource curse: A statistical mirage?."Journal of Development Economics114 (2015): 55-63. Janoski, Thomas, David Luke, and Christopher Oliver.The causes of structural unemployment: Four factors that keep people from the jobs they deserve. John Wiley Sons, 2014. Laeven, Luc, Ross Levine, and Stelios Michalopoulos. "Financial innovation and endogenous growth."Journal of Financial Intermediation24, no. 1 (2015): 1-24. Lee, Lily Xiao Hong.New East Asian Economic Development: The Interaction of Capitalism and Socialism: The Interaction of Capitalism and Socialism. Routledge, 2016. Leigh, Nancey Green, and Edward J. Blakely.Planning local economic development: Theory and practice. Sage Publications, 2016. McCombie, John, and Anthony Philip Thirlwall.Economic growth and the balance-of-payments constraint. Springer, 2016. Morrison, Wayne M. "China's economic rise: History, trends, challenges, and implications for the United States."Current Politics and Economics of Northern and Western Asia23, no. 4 (2014): 493. Parker, Simon C.The economics of entrepreneurship. Cambridge University Press, 2018. Popov, Vladimir.Mixed fortunes: An economic history of China, Russia, and the west. Oxford University Press, 2014. Rodan, Garry.The political economy of Singapore's industrialization: national state and international capital. Springer, 2016. Spear, Stephen E., and Warren Young.Endogenous growth theory and models: The" First Wave", 1952-1973. No. 2016-02. Working Papers, Bar-Ilan University, Department of Economics, 2016. Van den Berg, Hendrik.Economic growth and development. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2016. Vasilev, Aleksandar. "Progressive taxation and (in) stability in an exogenous growth model with non-market (" home") production." (2018). Brueckner, Markus, Era Dabla-Norris, Mark Gradstein, and Daniel Lederman. "The rise of the middle class and economic growth in ASEAN."Journal of Asian Economics(2018). Yilmaz, mer. "An alternative analysis of economic indicators of turkey and BRICS countries."european journal of alternative education studies(2018).
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